Confocal Microscopy of the Cornea


9. AcknowledgmentsGOUebersicht


10. References

Auran,  J. D.,  Koester, C.  J.,  Kleiman, N.  J.,  Rapaport, R.,  Bomann,  J.  S.,   Wirotsko, B. W.,  Florakis, G.  J.   and  Koniarek,  J.  (1995)  Scanning slit confocal microscopic observation of cell morphology and movement within the normal human anterior cornea. Ophthalmol. 102:33-41.

Auran,  J. D.,  Koester, C.  J., Rapaport, R. and Florakis, G.  J. (1994)
Wide field scanning slit in vivo  confocal microscopy of flattening-induced corneal bands and ridges.  Scanning 16:182-186.

Beebe, D. C.  and  Masters, B. R. (1996)  Cell Lineage and the Differentiation of Corneal Epithelial Cells.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 37(9):1815-1825.

Berliner, M. L. (1966)  Biomicroscopy of the Eye.  Hafner Publishing Company, Inc.,  New York.
Beuerman, R. W.  and Pedroza, L.  (1996)   Ultrastructure of the Human Cornea.  Microsc. Res. and Tech.   33:320-335.

Bigar, F.  (1982)  Specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium.  In: Developments in Ophthalmology ,  vol. 6.  (W. Straub, ed.) pp. 1-94,  S. Karger, Basel.

Bigar, F.  and  Thaer, A.  A.  (1978)  Wide-field observation and photomicrography of the human corneal endothelium.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 17: suppl. p. 118.

Böhnke, M.  (1983) Moglichkeiten zur Beurteilung des Endothels frischer und konservierter Hornhaute. Klin Mbl Augenhlk 182: 595.

Böhnke, M. (1991) Corneal preservation in organ culture. Curr Opinion in Ophthalmology 2:432 - 442.

Böhnke, M., Draeger J., and Winter R. (1984) Möglichkeiten und biologische Eigenschaften verschiedenartig angelegter Methoden zur Hornhautkonservierung
Klin Mbl Augenheilk 185:91-94.

Böhnke,  M.  and Masters, B. R.  (1997)   Long term contact lens wear induces a corneal degeneration with micro-dot deposits in the corneal stroma.   Ophthalmology  104 , 1887 - 1896 , 1997

Böhnke,  M.  and  Thaer, A.  A.  (1994)  Untersuchung der Kornea mit einen neuen konfokalen Mikroskop.  In: Bildgebende Verfahren in der Augenheilkunde  (O-E Lund and T. N. Waubke, T. N.  eds.)   pp. 47-53, Stuttgart, FRG, Ferdinand Enke Verlag.

Böhnke, M., Schipper, I., and Thaer,  A. (1997) Konfokale Mikroskopie der Hornhaut nach PRK mit dem Excimer - Laser. Klin Mbl Augenhlk 211:159 -167.

Böhnke, M., Chavanne, P., Gianotti, R., and Salathe,  R. P.  (1997) High-precision., high-speed measurement of excimer laser keratectomies with a new optical pachymeter. German J Ophthalmol  5: 338-342.

Böhnke, M., Chavanne, P., Wälti, R., Gianotti, R., and Salathe,  R. P.  (1998) Continous corneal pachymetry with a new high - speed reflectometer. J Refract Surg , in press

Böhnke, M.  (1983) Möglichkeiten zur Beurteilung des Endothels frischer und konservierter Hornhaute. Klin Mbl Augenhlk 182: 595.

Böhnke, M. (1991) Corneal preservation in organ culture. Curr Opinion in Ophthalmology 2:432 - 442.

Böhnke, M., Draeger J., and Winter R. (1984) Möglichkeiten und biologische Eigenschaften verschiedenartig angelegter Methoden zur Hornhautkonservierung
Klin Mbl Augenheilk 185:91-94.

Böhnke, M., Schipper, I., and Thaer,  A. (1997) Konfokale Mikroskopie der Hornhaut nach PRK mit dem Excimer - Laser. Klin Mbl Augenhlk 211:159 -167.

Cadez, R., Frueh, B., and Böhnke, M. (1998) Quantifizierung intrastromaler Mikroablagerungen bei Langzeitträgern von weichen Kontaktlinsen
Klin Mbl Augenhlk  212, in press

Bourne, W.  M.  and Enoch, J.  M. (1976)  Some optical principles of the clinical specular microscope. Invest Ophthalmol 15:29-32.

Bourne, W. M.  and Kaufman, H. E. (1976)  Specular microscopy of human corneal endothelium in vivo.  Am. J. Ophthalmol. 81: 319-323.

Bradbury, S.  (1989)  An introduction to the optical microscope.  Royal Microscopical Society,  Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Bron, A.  J.  and Matsuda, K. (1981)  Specular microscopy of the human lens. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK, 101:163-169.

Brown, N.  (1970)  Macrophotography of the anterior segment of the eye.  Br.  J.  Ophthal.  54:697-701.

Cadez, R., Frueh, B., Böhnke, M. (1997) Morphologie der Basalzellschicht des Hornhautepithels nach photorefraktiver Keratektomie. In: D.Vörösmarthy et al.. 10.Kongress der Deutschsprachigen Gesellschaft für Intraokularlinsen - Implantation und refraktive Chirurgie Springer, Berlin 1997, p 403 - 407

Cadez, R., Frueh, B., Böhnke, M (1998) Quantifizierung intrastromaler Mikroablagerungen bei Langzeitträgern von weichen Kontaktlinsen
Klin Mbl Augenhlk 212, in press

Cavanagh, H. D.,  Petroll, W. M. and  Jester, J. V.  (1995)  Confocal Microscopy: Uses in Measurement of Cellular Structure and Function. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 14(2): 527-565.

Chiou, A.G., Cadez, R., Böhnke, M. (1997) Diagnosis of Dieffenbachia induced corneal injury by confocal microscopy Br J Ophthalmol  81(2) : 168 - 169

Cohen, R.A., Chew, S.J., Gebhardt, B.M., Beuerman, R.W., Kaufman, H.E., Kaufman, S.C. (1995) Confocal microscopy of corneal graft rejection. Cornea  14 (5): 467 - 472

Corle, T. R. and Kino, G. S.  (1996)  Confocal Scanning Optical Microscopes and Related Imaging Systems.  Academic Press, San Diego.

Davidovits, P.  and  Egger, M. D. (1971)  Scanning laser microscope for biological investigations.  Appl. Optics, 10:1615-1619.

Davidovits,  P.  and Egger, M. D. (1973)  Photomicrography of corneal endothelial cell in vivo.  Nature, 244: 366-367.

Denk, W.,  Strickler, J. H. and Webb, W. W. (1990)  Two-photon laser scanningfluorescence microscopy.  Science  248:73-76.

Duke-Elder,  S. (1962)  System of Ophthalmology,  vol. VII.  The Foundations of Ophthalmology,  233-337.  Henry Kimpton, London.

Egger, M. D., Gerazi, W.,  Davidovitz,  P.,  Hadravsky,  M.  and Petran,  M. (1969)  Observation of nerve fibers in incident light.  Experientia, 25: 1125.

Eisner, G.,  Lotmar, W.  and Papritz, F.  (1985)  A new contact glass for slit lamp examination of the cornea,  especially in specular reflection.
Ophthalmol.  92(S): 72-83.

Fercher,  A. F. (1996)  Optical Coherence Tomography.  J. Biomedical Optics  1(2): 157-173.

Fitzke,  F.  W.  and Masters, B. R. (1993)  Three-dimensional visualization of confocal sections of in vivo  human fundus and optic nerve. Curr. Eye Res., 12:1015-1018.

Fitzke,  F.  W.,  Masters, B. R.,  Buckley, R. J.  and Speedwell, L.  (1997)  Fourier Transform Analysis of Human Corneal Endothelial Specular Photomicrographs.   Exp. Eye Res. 65 : 205 - 214.

Frueh,  B. E.,  Korner,  U.,  and Böhnke,  M.  (1995) Konfokale Mikroskopie der Hornhaut bei Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd.  206(5): 317-319.

Gloede, W. (1986)  Vom Lesestein zum Elektronenmikroskop .  VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin.

Goldmann,  H. (1938)  Zur Technik der Spaltlampenmikroskopie.  Ophthalmol. 96: 90-96

Goldmann,  H. (1940)  Spaltlampenphotographie und photometrie. Ophthalmol.  98: 257-270.

Grabner, G., Ruckhofer, J., Tratter, C., Alzner, E. (1997) Der intrastromale Corneale Ring. Wien.med.Wschr. 147: 1 - 16

Green, W. T.  and Muir, M. G. K . (1994)   The Cornea.  In:  Atlas of Clinical Ophthalmology, Second Edition, (D. J. Spalton, R. A. Hitchings and P. A. Hunter, eds.)   pp.  6.1-6.30,  Wolf Publishing,  Mosby-Year Book Europe, Ltd., London.

Gullstrand,  A. (1911a) Demonstration der Nerstspaltlampe, Heidelberg: Heidelberger Bericht.

Gullstrand,  A.  (1911b) Einführung in die Methoden der Dioptrik des Auges des Menschen,  Leipzig.  A  chapter of this book appears in English in  H. von Helmholtz, Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics, translated from the Third German Edition: (Ed.) Southall, J.P.C. New York: The Optical Society of America. (1924) . vol 1, pp. 261-482.

Hartmann,  C. and Koeditz,  W.  (1984-85) Automated morphometric endothelial analysis combined with video specular microscopy. Cornea 3(3):155-167.

Hartmann,  C., Zwingmann,  C., and Knauer, I. (1985) Das morphologische Korrelat der direkten und indirekten spiegelmikroskopischen  Befunde. Fortschr Ophthalmol 82:276-282.

Haugwitz, T.  von  (1981)  Ophthalmologisch-optische Untersuchungsgeräte.   (Bücherei des Augenarztes; H. 85)  Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart.

Hidayat, A.A., Margo, C.E., Mauriello, J.A., North, I. (1992) Lipofuscinosis of the cornea. Ophthalmology 99 , 1796 - 1804

Hitzenberger,  C. K., Drexler,  W., and Fercher,  A.F. (1992) Measurement of corneal thickness by laser Doppler interferometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  33(1):98-103.

Holden, B.A., Williams, L., Zantos, S.G. (1985a) The etiology of transient endothelial changes in the human cornea Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 26 , 1354 - 1359

Holden, B.A., Sweeney, D.F., Vannas, A., Nilsson, K.T., Efron, N. (1985b) Effects of long-term extended contact lens wear on the human cornea Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 26 , 1489 - 1501

Hollenhorst, R. W. (1951)   Helmholtz,  (1851)  Beschreibung eines Augenspiegels zur Untersuchung der Netzhaut im lebenden Auge.  A. Förstner, Berlin. Translated by R. W. Hollenhorst. Description of an ophthalmolscope for examining the retina in the living eye.  Arch. Ophthalmol.   46:565-583.

Jester, J.V., Petroll, W.M., Feng, W., Essepian, J., Cavanagh, H.D. (1992) Radial keratotomy. 1. The wound healing process and measurement of incisional gape in two animal models Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci  33 (12) : 3255 - 3270

Kilp, H., Konen, W., Zschausch, B., Lemmen, K. (1982) Tiefe und hartnäckige Hornhautparenchymschäden nach Kontaktlinsen und ihr Verlauf Fortschr Ophthalmol 79 , 116 - 117

Koester, C.  J.  (1980)  Scanning mirror microscope with optical sectioning characteristics: applications to ophthalmology. Appl. Optics, 19:1749-1757.

Koester, C.  J.  and Roberts, C. W. (1990)  Wide-field specular microscopy.  In: Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology, (B. R. Masters, ed.), pp. 99-121 Springer-Verlag, New York.

Koester,  C. J.,  Auran, J. D.,  Rosskothen, H. D.  and   Florakis, G. J.  and Tackaberry, R. B. (1993)  Clinical microscopy of the cornea utilizing optical sectioning and a high-numerical-aperture objective.  J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 10:1670-1679.

Koop, N., Brinkmann, R., Schirner, G. (1996)  Verwendung des konfokalen Laserscanverfahrens zur Bestimmung der Hornhauttopographie und der kornealen Gewebseffekte bei der refraktiven Hornhautchirurgie. Ophthalmologe 93(3):247 - 251

Krachmer,  J. H., Mannis,  M. J.  and  Holland, E. J. (1997)  Cornea, Volume 1. Fundamentals of Cornea and External Disease.   Mosby, St. Louis.

Laing, R. A.,  Sandstrom, M. M.  and  Leibowitz, H. M. (1975)  In vivo photomicrography of the corneal endothelium. Archs Ophthal, Chicago, 93:143-145.

Laing, R. A., Sandstrom, M. M., Berrospi, A. R.  and  Leibowitz, H. M. (1976)  Changes in the corneal endothelium as a function of age.  Exp Eye Res 22:587-594.

Laing, R. A., Sandstrom, M. M.  and  Leibowitz, H. M.  (1979)  Clinical specular microscopy. I., Optical principles. Archs Ophthal., Chicago, 97:1714-1719.

Lemp,  M.  A.,  Dilly, P. N.  and Boyde, A.  (1986) Tandem-scanning (confocal) microscopy of the full-thickness cornea. Cornea  4: 205-209,

Linna,  T., Mikkila,  H., Karma,  A., Seppala,  I., Petroll,  W. M., and Tervo T.  (1996)
In vivo confocal microscopy: a new possibility to confirm the diagnosis of Borrelia keratitis? Cornea  15(6):639-640.

Martonyi, C. L., Bahn, C. F. and Meyer, R. F. (1985)  Clinical Slit Lamp Biomicroscopy and Photo Slit Lamp Biomicrography.  Second Edition. Time One Ink, Ltd, Ann Arbor

Masters, B. R. (1984a)  Noninvasive redox fluorometry.  In: Current Topics in Eye Research,   (J.  Zadunaisky and H. Davson, eds.), Vol. 4, pp. 140-200, Academic Press, New York.

Masters, B. R. (1984b)  Noninvasive redox fluorometry: how light can be used to monitor alterations of corneal mitochondrial function.  Cur. Eye Res. 3:23-26.

Masters, B. R. (1985)  A noninvasive optical method to measure oxygen tension at the corneal epithelium. Cur. Eye Res.  4(6):725-727.

Masters, B. R. (1988)  Effects of contact lenses on the oxygen concentration and epithelial mitochondrial redox state of rabbit cornea measured noninvasively with and optically sectioning redox fluorometer microscope.  In: The Cornea: Transactions of the World Congress on the Cornea III, (H. D. Cavanagh, ed.),  pp. 281-286, Raven Press, New York.

Masters, B. R. (1989)  Scanning microscope for optically sectioning the living cornea.  Proc SPIE 1028, (T. Wilson, ed.) pp. 133-143.

Masters, B. R. (1990a) Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology, New York, Springer Verlag.

Masters, B. R. (1990b)  Confocal Microscopy of Ocular Tissue. In: Confocal Microscopy,  (T. Wilson, ed.), pp. 305-324, Academic Press, London.

Masters, B. R. (1990c)  In vivo corneal redox fluorometry.  In: Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology, (B. R. Masters, ed.), pp. 223-247 Springer-Verlag, New York.

Masters, B. R. (1991a)  Design considerations of a real-time clinical confocal ophthalmoscope.  In: Ophthalmic Technologies,  ( C. A. Puliafito, ed.) Proc. SPIE 1423, pp. 8-14.

Masters, B. R.  (1991b) Performance of a thinned,  back illuminated, CCD coupled to a confocal microscope for low-light-level fluorescence imaging.  In: Charge-coupled devices and solid state optical sensors II, (M.  M. Blouke,  ed.), Proc. SPIE 1447,  pp. 56-63.

Masters, B. R.  (1991c)  Two and three-dimensional visualization of the living cornea and ocular lens.  Machine Vision and Applications, 4:227-232.

Masters, B. R. (1992a)  Confocal microscopy of the in situ  crystalline lens.   J. Microsc. 165:159-167.

Masters, B. R. (1992b)  Confocal ocular microscopy: a new paradigm for ocular visualization.  In: Visualization in Biomedical Microscopies, 3-D Imaging and Computer Applications, (A. Kriete, ed.)  pp. 183-203. VCH, Weinheim.

Masters, B. R. (1992c)   Tutorial Video on: ”Confocal Microscopy: History, Principles, and Applications.  MSA no. 150. Distributed by The Microscopy Society of America, Pocasset. MA.  02559. Video made August 15, 1992.

Masters, B. R. (1993a)  Functional imaging of cells and tissues: NAD(P)H and Flavoprotein redox imaging. In: Medical Optical Tomography: Functional Imaging and Monitoring.  (G. Muller et al.,  eds.),  SPIE Institutes for Advanced Optical Technologies, SPIE Press, pp. 553-575.

Masters, B. R.  (1993b)  Specimen preparation and chamber for confocal microscopy of the eye.  Scanning Microscopy,  7(2) :645-651.

Masters, B. R.  (1993c) Three-dimensional reconstruction and visualization of 2-D confocal microscopic images formed in backscattered light.  In:  Medical Optical Tomography: Functional Imaging and Monitoring.  (G. Müller et al.,  eds.),  SPIE Institutes for Advanced Optical Technologies, SPIE Press, pp. 371-391.

Masters, B. R. (1993d)  Two- and Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy of the Eye.    In: Multidimensional Microscopies  (P.C. Cheng, T. H. Lin, W. L. Wu  and J. L. Wu,  eds.), pp. 321-338 Springer-Verlag, New York.

Masters, B. R. (1994a)  Confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction of thick,  transparent, vital tissue.  Scanning Microscopy Supplement, pp. 71-79.

Masters, B. R. (1994b)  The scanning laser ophthalmoscope: a new view on the retina.  The British J. of Ophthalmol. 78: 81.

Masters, B. R. (1995a)  Confocal Microscopy: History, Principles, Instruments, and Some Applications to the Living Eye.  Comments Mol. Cell. Biophys.  8(5):243-271.

Masters, B. R. (1995b)  Scanning Slit Confocal Microscopy of the in vivo  Cornea.  Opt. Eng.  34(3):684-692.

Masters, B. R.  (1996a)  Optical Tomography of the In vivo  Human Lens: Three-Dimensional Visualization of Cataracts.  J. Biomed. Optics, 1(3):289-295.

Masters, B. R. (1996b) Selected  Papers on Confocal Microscopy (SPIE milestone series;  (SPIE milestone series; v. MS131).  SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham.

Masters, B. R. (1996c)  Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy of the Lens.  Ophthal. Res. 28(1):115-119.

Masters, B. R. (1996d)  Three-dimensional optical functional imaging of tissue with two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy.   In: Analytical Use of Fluorescent Probes in Oncology, (E. Kohen, ed.), pp. 205-211 Plenum Press, New York.

Masters, B. R. (1996e)  Three-dimensional confocal microscopy of  human skin in vivo :
Autofluorescence of normal skin. Bioimages 4 (1) : 1 - 7

Masters, B.R. (1997a) Three - dimensional visualisation of human cataract in vivo, German J Ophthalmol , 5 , 532 - 536

Masters,  B.R. (1997b) Shape visualisation of anterior and posterior human cornea in vivo, German J Ophthalmol , 5 , 504 - 507

Masters, B. R. (1998a) Three - dimensional confocal microscopy of the living cornea Optics Express, in press

Masters, B. R. (1998b) Three - dimensional confocal microscopy of the human ocular lens, In vivo Optics Express , in press

Masters, B. R. (1999) Selected papers on Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry and Tomography  (Editor, Barry R. Masters) Milestone Series , SPIE press, Bellingham, WA, 1999

Masters, B. R.,  Aziz, D.,  Gmitro, A.,  Kerr, J., O’Grady, B., and Goldman, L. (1997)   Rapid observation of unfixed, unstained, human skin biopsy specimens with confocal microscopy and visualization.  J. Biomedical Optics  2(4): 437-445.

Masters, B. R. and Böhnke, M. (1998a)  Clinical Confocal Microscopy.  In: Corneal Disorders, Clinical Diagnosis and Management , 2nd edition (H. Leibowitz and G. Waring, eds) W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. , p 123 - 127

Masters, B.R. and Böhnke, M. (1998b)  Confocal microscopy of the in vivo human cornea. Methods in Enzymology, Ed. P.
Michael Conn , Academic Press, New York

Masters, B. R.  and Chance, B. (1993) Redox confocal imaging: intrinsic fluorescent probes of cellular metabolism.  In: Fluorescent Probes for Biological Function of Living Cells- A Practical Guide.  (W. T. Mason ed. ), pp. 44-57 Academic Press, London.

Masters, B. R.  and Farmer, M. A. (1993)  Three-dimensional confocal microscopy and visualization of the in situ  cornea.  Comp. Med. Imag. and Graph.  17( 3):211-219.

Masters, B. R.  and Kino, G. S. (1990)   Confocal Microscopy of the Eye, In:  Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology.  (B. R. Masters,  ed.) pp. 152-171 New York,   Springer-Verlag.

Masters, B. R.  and Kino, G. S. (1993)  Charge-coupled devices for quantitative Nipkow disk real-time scanning confocal microscopy.  In: Electronic Light Microscopy: Techniques in Modern Biomedical Microscopy. (D. Shotton, ed.), pp. 315-327 Wiley/Liss, Inc. New York.

Masters, B. R.  and Paddock, S. (1990a)  In vitro  confocal imaging of the rabbit cornea.  J. Microsc. 158(2):267-274.

Masters, B. R.  and Paddock, S. W. (1990b)  Three-dimensional reconstruction of the rabbit cornea by confocal scanning optical microscopy and volume rendering.  Applied Optics  29:3816-3822.

Masters, B. R., Sasaki, K., Sakamoto, Y., Kojima, M., Emori, Y., Senft, S. and Foster, M. (1996)   Three-dimensinal volume visualization of the in vivo human ocular lens showing localization of the cataract. Ophthal.  Res.  28(suppl 2): 120-126.

Masters, B. R.  and Senft, S. L.  (1997)  Transformation of a Set of Slices Rotated On A Common Axis To a Set of Z-Slices:  Application To Three-Dimensional Visualization of The in vivo  Human Lens.   Comp. Med. Imag.  Graphics.  21(3): 145-151.

Masters, B.R., So, P.T.C., Kihcan, K., Bulhur, C., and Gratton, E. (1998) . Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy of living cells and tissues. in: Methods in Enzymology. Confocal Microscopy. Ed. P. Michael Conn, Academic Press, New York

Masters, B. R.  and Thaer A.  A.  (1996)   Real-Time Confocal Microscopy of In vivo  Human Corneal Nerves.  Bioimages,  4(3):129-134.

Masters, B. R.  and  Thaer, A. A. (1994a)  In vivo  Human Corneal Confocal Microscopy of Identical Fields of Subepithelial Nerve Plexus, Basal Epithelial and Wing Cells at Different Times.  Microsc. Res. Tech.  29:350-356.

Masters, B. R.  and Thaer, A.  A. (1994b)  Real-time scanning slit confocal microscopy of the in vivo  human cornea. Appl. Optics.  33(4):695-701.

Masters, B. R.  and Thaer, A.  A. (1995)   In vivo,  real-time confocal microscopy of the continuous wing cell layer adjacent to the basal epithelium in the human cornea: a new benchmark for in vivo corneal microscopy.  Bioimages,  3(1):7-11.

Masters, B. R. Thaer, A. A.  and Geyer, O.-C. (1994)  Real-time confocal microscopy of the in vivo  human cornea.  In: Contact Lens Practice. (M. Ruben and M. Guillon, eds.)  pp. 390-406  Chapman & Hall, London.

Masters, B. R., Falk, S. and Chance, B. (1982)  In vivo mitochondrial flavoprotein measurements of rabbit corneal normoxic-anoxic transitions.  Cur. Eye Res. 1:623-627.

Masters, B. R., Ghosh, A. K., Wilson, J. and  Matschinsky, F. M. (1989) Pyridine nucleotides and phosphorylation potential of rabbit corneal epithelium and endothelium.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 30:861-868.

Masters, B. R.,  Gonnord, G. and Corcuff, P.  (1996)  Three-dimensional microscopic biopsy of in vivo  human skin:  a new technique based on a flexible confocal microscope.  J.  Microsc. 185(3):329-338.

Masters, B. R., Kriete, A.  and Kukulies, J. (1993)  Ultraviolet confocal fluorescence microscopy of the in vitro cornea: redox metabolic imaging.    Appl. Optics,
34( 4):592-596.

Masters, B. R., Riley, M. V., Fischbarg, J.  and Chance, B.  (1983)  Pyridine nucleotides of rabbit cornea with histotoxic anoxia:  chemical analysis, noninvasive fluorometry and physiological correlates. Exp. Eye Res.  36:1-9.

Masters, B. R.,  So, P. T. C. and Gratton, E.  (1997a).   Multiphoton Excitation Fluorescence Microscopy and Spectroscopy of In vivo Human Skin.   Biophys. J.  72:2045-2412.

Masters, B. R., Subramanian, H. V.  and Chance, B.  (1982)   Rabbit corneal stromal hydration measured with proton NMR spectroscopy. Curr. Eye Res.  2:317-321.

Masters, B. R., Vrensen, J., Willenkens, B.  and Van Marle, J.  (1997b)  Confocal light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the human lens. Exp. Eye Res. 64(3):371-378.

Maurice, D. M. (1968) Cellular membrane activity in the corneal endothelium of the intact eye. Experientia 24:1094-1095.

Maurice, D. M. (1974)  A  scanning slit optical microscope. Invest. Ophthalmol. 13:1033-1037.

Maurice, D. M. (1984)  The Cornea and Sclera.  In: The Eye, Third Edition, (H. Davson, ed.), pp. 1-158, Academic Press, Orlando.

McCally, R. L.  and Farrell, R. A. (1990)  Light Scattering from Cornea and Corneal Transparency.  In: Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology   (B. R. Masters, ed.) pp. 189-210, Springer-Verlag, New York.

Miller, D. (1991)  Optics and Refraction, A User-Friendly Guide.   Gower Medical Publishing, New York.

Müller, L. J., Pels, L. and Vrensen, G. F. J. M. (1995)  Novel Aspects of the ultrastructural organization of human corneal keratocytes.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.  36:2557-2567.

Müller, L. J.,  Pels, L.  and Vrensen, G. F. J. M. (1996)  Ultrastructural organization of human corneal nerves.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.  37:476-488.

Müller, L. J.,  Vrensen, G. F. J. M.,  Pels, L.,  Cardozo, B. N. and  Willekens, B.    (1997)   Architecture of human corneal nerves.  Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.  38:985-994.

Niesel, P.  (1966)  Spaltlampenphotographie mit der Haag-Streit-Spaltlampe 900. Ophthalmologica (Basel) 151:489-504.

Pawley,  J. B. (1995)  Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, Second Edition, Plenum Press, New York.

Pels, E., Schuchard, Y. (1984) The effects of high molecular weight dextran on the preservation of human corneas Cornea 3 : 219 - 227

Petran,  M.  Hadravsky,  M.,  Egger, M. D.  and  Galambos, R. (1968)  Tandem-scanning reflected-light microscopy.  J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58: 661-664 .

Piston, D. W.,  Masters, B. R.  and Webb, W. W. (1995)  Three-Dimensionally Resolved NAD(P)H  Cellular Metabolic

Redox Imaging of the In Situ  Cornea with Two-Photon Excitation Laser Scanning Microscopy.   J. Micros.  178:20-27.

Plesch, A., Klingbeil, U.  and Bille, J.  (1987)  Digital laser scanning fundus camera.  Appl. Opt. 26:1480-1486.

Puliafito, C. A., Hee, M. R., Schuman, J. S. and Fujimoto, J. G. (1996) Optical Coherence Tomography of Ocular Diseases,    SLACK Incorporated, Thorofare, New Jersey

Reiss, G.R., Campbell, R.J., Bourne, W.M. (1986) Infectious crystalline keratopathy
Surv Ophthalmol 31 , 69 - 72

Richter,  A.,  Slowik, C., Somodi, S., Vick, H-P. and Guthoff, R. (1997) In-vivo-Darstellung der Hornhautinnervation des Menschen mit Hilfe der konfokalen Mikroskopie.  Ophthalmologe  94:141-146.

Ridley, H.  (1952)   Recent methods of fundus examinatin including electronic ophthalmoscopy. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. UK.  72:497-509.

Rosenblum, W. M. and  Benjamin, W. J. (1992).  Selected papers of special significance to optometry. (SPIE milestone series; v. MS62).  SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham.

Ruete, C. G. T. (1852)  Der Augenspiegel und das Optometer für practische Aerzte.  Göttingen, Prussia: Dieterich.

Sandison, D. R. and  Webb, W. W. (1994)  Background rejection and signal-to-noise optimization in the confocal and alternative fluorescence microscopes.  Applied Optics  33(4): 603-615.

Seet, B., Chan, W.K., Ang, C.L. (1995) Crystalline keratopathy from Dieffenbachia plant sap . Br J Ophthalmol 79 , 98 - 99

Seiler,  T.  and Bende, T.  (1990)   Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Eye and Orbit.  In: Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology, (B. R. Masters, ed.), pp. 17-31,   Springer-Verlag, New York.

Sherrard, E. S. and  Buckley, R. J. (1991)  Contact clinical specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium: optical modifications to the applanating objective cone. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.  20:916-820.

Slayter, E. M.  and Slayter, H. S. (1992)  Light and Electron Microscopy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Sperling, S. (1978) Early morphological changes in organ cultured human corneal endothelium Acta Ophthalmologica 56 : 785 - 791

Straub, W., Kroll, P.  and Küchle, H. J. (1995)  Augenärztliche Untersuchungs-methoden.  Ferdinand Enke Verlag,  Stuttgart.

Sutphin,  J. E., Kantor,  A. L., Mathers,  W. D., and Mehaffey,  M. G.  (1997) Evaluation of infectious crystalline keratitis with confocal microscopy in a case series. Cornea  16(1):21-26.

Svishchev, G.  M.  (1969) Microscope for the study of transparent light-scattering objects in incident light.  Optics and Spectroscopy, 26(2):171-172.

Svishchev, G.  M. (1971)  Image contrast in a  microscope with synchronous object scanning by slit field diagrams. Optics and Spectroscopy, 30:188-191.

Tate, G. W. Jr. and  Safir,  A.  (1991)  The slit lamp: History, Principles, and Practice.  In: Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology, 1:1- 44,  J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.

Thaer, A. A., Geyer, O-C. and   Kaszli, F.  A.  (1990)  Fluorogenic substrate techniques applied to the noninvasive diagnosis of the living rabbit and human cornea. In: Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology, (B. R. Masters, ed.), pp. 569-590,  Springer-Verlag, New York.

Thoft, R.A., Friend, J. (1983) The X, Y, Z hypothesis of corneal epithelial maintenance Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24 , 1442 - 1443

Tomii,  S.  and Kinoshita,  S. (1994)  Observations of human corneal epithelium by Tandem Scanning Confocal Microscope. Scanning, 16: 305-306.

Townshend, L.,  Slomovic, A.,  Hunter W. (1989) Infectious crystalline keratopathy.
Can J Ophthalmol. 24(7).P 325 - 326

Underwood, E.E. (1969) Stereology, or the quantitative evaluation of microstructures.
J Microsc  89 (2):161 - 180

Versura, P.,  Bonvicini, F.,  Caramazza, R.,  Laschi,  R (1985) Scanning electron microscopy study of human cornea and conjunctiva in normal and various pathological conditions. Scan Electron Microsc. (Pt 4) : 1695 - 1708

Vogt, A.  (1919)  Die Sichbarkeit des lebenden Hornhautendothels im Lichtbüschel der Gullstrandschen Spaltlampe, Klin Monatsbl augenheilkd 63:233-234

Vogt,  A.  (1930) Lehrbuch und Atlas der Spaltlampenmikroskopie des lebenden Auges, vol. 1,   Julius Springer. Berlin.

Vogt,  A. (1981)  Textbook and Atlas of Slit Lamp Microscopy of the Living Eye.   J. P. Wayenborgh, Publisher, Bonn.

von Helmholtz, H. (1924)  Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics, translated from the Third German Edition: (Ed.) Southall, J.P.C. ,New York: The Optical Society of America.

Waring,  G. O., Rodrigues,  M. M., and Laibson,  P. R.  (1978) Corneal Dystrophies. I.Dystrophies of the epithelium., Bowman`s layer and Stroma . Surv Ophthalmol  23:71-122.

Waring, G.O. (1985) Making sense of keratospeak: A classification of refractive corneal surgery . Arch Ophthalmol 103 , 1472 - 1477

Waring, G.O., Rodrigues, M.M. (1987) Patterns of pathologic response in the cornea.
Surv Ophthalmol 31 , 262 - 266

Waring, G.O., Lynn, M.J., McDonnell, P.J. (1994) Results of the prospective evaluation of radial keratotomy (PERK) study 10 years after surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 112 : 1298 - 1308

Webb, R.  H.  (1990)  Scanning laser ophthalmoscope, In: Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology,  (B. R. Masters, ed.), pp. 438-450,   Springer-Verlag, New York.

Webb, R.  H. (1996)  Confocal optical microscopy  Rep. Prog. Phys. 59:427-471.

Webb, R.  H.,  Hughes,  G. W. and Delori, F.  C. (1987)  Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope.  Appl. Opt. 26:1492-1499.

Webb, R. H.,  Hughes,  G. W. and  Pomerantzeff, O. (1980)  Flying Spot TV Ophthalmoscope.  Appl. Opt. 19:2991- 2997.

Wiegand, W.,  Thaer, A.  A., Kroll,  P.  Geyer,  O-C.  and  Garcia,  A.  J. (1995)  Optical sectioning of the cornea with a new confocal in vivo  slit-scanning videomicroscope,  Ophthalmol. 102:568-575.

Wilson, S.E., Bourne, W.M. (1989) Corneal preservation. Surv Ophthalmol. 33 (4) : 237 - 259

Wilson, T. (1990)  Confocal Microscopy.  Academic Press, London.

Wilson, T.  and Masters, B. R. (1994)  Confocal Microscopy:Feature Issue of Applied Optics   (T.  Wilson,  and B. R.  Masters,  eds.)  33(4): 565-708.

Xiao, G. Q.  Kino, G. S.  and  Masters, B. R. (1990) Observation of the rabbit cornea and lens with a new real-time confocal scanning optical microscope.  Scanning, 12(3):161-166.

Xiao, G. Q., Corle,T. R. and  Kino, G. S. (1988) Real-time confocal scanning optical microscope.  Appl. Phys. Lett., 53:716-718.

Yamagami, S., Suzuki, Y., Tsuru, T. (1994) Multivariate analysis of risk factors of allograft rejection in penetrating keratoplasty. Jpn J Ophthalmol 38 , 311 - 316

Young,  J.  Z.  and Roberts, F.   (1951)  A  flying spot microscope. Nature, 167: 231.

Zirm, E.K. (1906 / 1989) Eine erfolgreiche totale Keratoplastik (A successful total keratoplasty) Refract Corneal Surg  5(4) , 258 - 261



9. AcknowledgmentsGOUebersicht